Life Goes On with Chris Burke

Chioma Uzoigwe wrote this article.

Old stereotypes die hard. These four simple words reflect one of the truest aspects of human nature. It is difficult to erase in peoples’ minds characteristics that are socially proven, per se, to be true of a particular group of individuals. It is even more difficult for people to rid themselves of such ideas when they do not belong to the group they stereotype. Public perception changers, however, have the power to reverse common incorrect views. This paper will show that to be a successful public perception changer an individual must overcome adversity to prove himself as exceptional within the stereotyped group to which he belongs. This paper will additionally show that the power of a public perception changer lies even more greatly in his ability to supercede what mainstream society can do. One such public perception changer is Chris Burke, the star of the hit television show “Life Goes On” (1989-1993). In his lifetime, Chris changed the way the world viewed people with disabilities and broke ground as the first successful actor with Down syndrome to appear in a television series.

We have encountered several public perception changers in our lifetime
such as Helen Keller, Magic Johnson and Ryan White, to name several.
Each of these individuals had a disability or illness but persevered to
live fruitful lives. Chris Burke is no exception. He was born on August
26, 1965. Doctors diagnosed him with having Down syndrome which at the
time was called “mongolism,” after modeling the facial features of
those with the disorder after the features of the Asian people of
Mongolia. The term was certainly derogatory, just as GRID was the
former AIDS. At the time of Chris’ diagnosis, the recommendation for
parents that gave birth to babies with Down syndrome was to send the
babies to institutions and forget they were ever born. Eventually the
awful conditions of neglect and an inability to thrive for those
infants led to their inevitable fate–death. Chris’ parents were caring
and loving people, with three older teenage children. Against doctors’
wishes, Chris’ parents decided to take him home and do the best they
could to raise a child that no one thought would ever walk or talk or
function normally in society.

The public perception of individuals with Down syndrome is
that they are unintelligent, incapacitated and incapable of social
function. In 1968, Joseph Fletcher, a respected theologian advocated
for immediate euthanasia for all infants born with Down syndrome (Burke
& McDaniel 2001). The article, published in The Atlantic Monthly,
stated that people with Down syndrome had “no meaningful quality of
life, so they should be put to death legally upon birth to protect
society and individuals from the trauma [and] parents…should have no
guilt about placing an infant in an institution and hoping for an early
death because “‘a Down is not a person’” (Burke & McDaniel 2001).
Burke also wrote in his autobiography “A Special Kind of Hero” that the
public associated Down syndrome with something the mother did during
pregnancy and as a result, those children were a great sense of shame
to a family. Many of the children were secluded from the world, locked
in attics and basements. This situation is similar to Oliver Sacks’
description of Jose the autist artist, who was reportedly a
“‘fulltime’” epileptic, autistic, …aphasic, retarded child” and whose
parents kept him in the cellar of their home (Sacks 1998).

Still sadder about these perceptions was that even the most
intelligent among society could not disassociate reality from
stereotype (Allen 2004). For example, despite his diagnosis, Chris did
not appear to exhibit signs of severe retardation, “the doctors were
all mixed up about Chris because he was so healthy. They kept looking
for things that could be wrong with him” (Burke & McDaniel 2001).
Therefore, despite Chris being a healthy baby boy other than his
diagnosis, medial personnel could not divorce his disposition from his
disorder and they biased their treatment towards him by actively
seeking for anything wrong with him.

While the mental detriment of people with Down syndrome is
irreversible, early education and stimulation can enhance the
capabilities they were born with; “only a small percentage of people
with Down syndrome are severely retarded, requiring intensive, lifelong
care with their meals, exercise, and personal hygiene in order to
survive” (Burke & McDaniel 2001). These truths appear to be facts
that not many people know. Chris was fortunate to be brought up in a
loving family that did not give up on him because of his disorder,
which the remainder of this paper will demonstrate.

Despite the criticism they received from health professionals,
the Burkes treated Chris like a normal child. He took slightly longer
to exhibit the milestone developments of normal children, but other
than that he was a healthy baby. Chris was also a fast learner; his
siblings spent quality time reading with him, teaching him to recognize
colors, numbers and words. Burke and McDaniel (2001) wrote, “without
knowing it, the Burkes were performing a primitive version of what is
now called “early intervention.” In the early 1980s, educators found
that a stimulating program of exercises and games could significantly
spur development of muscle tone and the senses of touch, sight, and
hearing in children with Down syndrome.”

The Burkes also feared for Chris’ education because at the
time, New York City public schools did not mainstream children with
disabilities and there were no quality private schools for children
with disabilities in New York City that met the Burkes’ expectations
for Chris. When Chris was three, his mother took him to speech therapy
classes (people with Down syndrome have a smaller mouth cavity and do
not have strong muscle tone in the tongue; as a result, they have
trouble with certain combinations of consonant pronunciations (Alton
1998)); ultimately the Burkes discovered boarding schools for Chris
where he flourished in his talents.

School instructors immediately picked up on how much Chris
differed from the other children who were often nonverbal and
nonresponsive. Chris, on the other hand, was gregarious in nature and
had more practical skills than the other children. He was not among the
high functioning children, but he scored just above medium. It was also
at this time that Chris began to exhibit his love for acting. He had a
great capacity to get attention from people. He loved to perform; he
spent time writing skits and wowed his audience with his performances.
His outgoing personality also won the hearts of many he encountered and
he made a large number of friends. Chris also demonstrated great
concern for helping people, particularly those that could not help
themselves. School instructors remarked that it was an unusual
characteristic of people with Down syndrome and they credited the
Burkes for their dedication to raising Chris to be as normal as
possible.

Chris’ fascination with acting grew obsessive as he got older
but his family and friends remained doubtful about his dream and
constantly reminded him about the difficulties in pursuing an acting
career because he had Down syndrome. The Burke family was at the point
of frustration with Chris. Yet, Chris persisted and took everyone’s
doubts with a grain of salt and a tablespoon of patience. He even began
taking evening classes in acting in Manhattan after his day job as a
volunteer at P.S. 138.

Chris’ first big break happened in 1987 when he auditioned for
a part in Michael Braverman’s script for a television series pilot
titled Desperate. Chris won the role, hands down. His family and
friends were in disbelief at his triumph in proving their doubts wrong.
Meg Foster was one of the actresses Chris worked with for the pilot and
she was as equally amazed with Chris as the people he impacted in his
life; she stated, “there’s a joy and love of life and being in the
moment which is an actor’s goal. Chris doesn’t have to work for that.
He is the moment. He is the actor” (Burke and McDaniel 2001).

Despite the great opportunity Chris’ mother still remained
skeptical, knowing that there was no certainty in ABC picking up the
pilot. Chris’s coworkers at P.S. 138 felt the same way where the
comments were “‘there was good reaction around here to the ‘Desperate’
part but we just thought it would be a fleeting thing’” and “‘it’s a
once in a lifetime thing. He’ll never get this. It’s not that we didn’t
have faith in him. It just seemed implausible. At the time, you never
saw handicapped actors on television…” (Burke and McDaniel 2001).
Unfortunately, ABC decided not to produce Desperate as a series but
Chris took the disappointment well, “‘I was worried that would be it,
that I wouldn’t have another part. I pushed myself; I worked hard. I
tried to maybe get on other shows’” (Burke and McDaniel 2001).

Once again, Chris’ perseverance paid off. At the
recommendation of a friend Chris sent his tape to Abrams Artists, an
acting agency, and met with members of the agency soon after. Claudia
Black, one of the agents, recalled that everyone was flabbergasted,
“‘He was all dressed up, and he sat down and crossed his legs and
started to tell us about himself. We just sat there with our mouths
open. He wasn’t like a child or teenager; he was a very determined
young man. We saw every aspect of his personality in that first
meeting. You could tell when things were tender with him, especially
when he talked about the kids he worked with. We could see how
interested and excited he was to meet someone who could possibly get
him into this field…’” (Burke and McDaniel 2001).

After the meeting, the agents realized that Chris had much
more to offer than the talent he displayed on the tape of Desperate.
Unbeknownst to Chris, in August of 1987 Chad Hoffman, ABC’s
vice-president of dramatic series development, was meeting with Michael
Braverman to create a television series built around Chris. Michael
then came up with the family show we know today that was “Life Goes
On,” a series about a working class family and their struggles raising
a child with Down syndrome.

Chris’ next big break happened in 1988 when he landed the role
of Charles “Corky” Thatcher. None of the people that worked on the set
of “Life Goes On,” had ever worked with a person with Down syndrome.
Some expressed uncertainty about whether Chris actually had Down
syndrome, a view that confirmed their ignorance about people with the
disorder. Paul Wolff was responsible for leading group meetings with
teenagers with Down syndrome to understand what their life experiences
were in helping to write the script. He commented, “these meetings
changed the way we wanted to write the show. Before, for all of us,
people with Down syndrome were those people you would see walking down
the street and you avoided their look. After being with Chris and the
groups, we began to see how our attitudes were based on fear” (Burke
and McDaniel 2001). This is a remarkable statement, which shows Chris’
power to break barriers in dissipating the negative perceptions of
people with Down syndrome.

Millions of fans caught on to Chris as “Corky” on television.
The Burkes hardly had time to absorb the enormity of Chris’ fame. After
the first show aired, the Burkes received so much fan mail they found
it impossible to respond to every letter in a timely fashion. Chris
became a heartthrob among teenage girls with Down syndrome, often
getting mobbed in public places. Chris inspired people all over the
world to view people with Down syndrome in a positive light. People saw
an articulate teenager who had feelings and goals and just happened to
have Down syndrome, rather than a person born abnormal who happened to
have feelings and goals. Chris was invited to speak at schools and
conferences and became the poster person advocating for equal treatment
of people with disabilities. Chris was even invited to the White House
where former president Bush invited him to make a public service
announcement to encourage appreciation of the abilities of people with
Down syndrome. To add to Chris’ impact, he was nominated for a Golden
Globe Award for best supporting actor in a dramatic television series
in 1989 (Milligan 2004). That same year he won the award of best
television actor by the Academy of Family Films and Family Television,
the “Inspiration to Youth Award” from Youth in Film and the St.
Genesius Medal in 1990 for outstanding achievement in the entertainment
business. He was also recognized by the Junior Chamber of Commerce as
one of ten outstanding young Americans between the ages of 21 and 39.
“Life Goes On” was even syndicated in over 30 countries. It was clear
that Chris made history, which was simply put by Craig Safan, the
composer of the show, “Life Goes On” has more power to change people’s
perceptions of Down syndrome and mental retardation than any movie or
documentary” (Burke and McDaniel 2001). The show remained successful
for four years; its final season aired in 1993.

Chris’ success was clearly unique. He was a successful public
perception changer because he overcame adversity to prove himself as
exceptional not only within the stereotyped group to which be belonged
but within society as a whole. He won the world over with his talent
and personality and changed the world’s perception of people with
disabilities. Like Ryan White, he saw himself as a normal person,
saying that having Down syndrome is merely a characteristic, just as
“some people have brown hair” (Burke and McDaniel 2001). Chris even
jovially refers to his disorder as “Up syndrome.” Today, Chris remains
active in advocating for people with disabilities, where he serves as a
goodwill ambassador for the National Down Syndrome Society and
editor-in-chief of its quarterly magazine (Horsburgh, et al. 2001).

After a few years of filming “Life Goes On” Chris returned to
visit P.S. 138 where he worked before he became a star. An encounter
between Chris and Pat Mulholland, the assistant principal, sensitively
and eloquently sums up Chris’ importance as a public perception
changer,

Pat Mulholland gave Chris a big hug and reminded him of
something she had said when she first asked him if he wanted to be the
elevator operator. “I had told him, ‘Chris, I want you to be my Helen
Keller.’ Because of Helen Keller, the American Foundation for the Blind
has so much power, and it is the most endowed of all the organizations
for people with handicapping conditions. She put a face on the
condition; she made people understand her handicap. And you can always
use the story of Helen Keller as something to strive for. But we didn’t
have anyone like that, until Chris. Our kids are unable to advocate for
themselves, and now we finally had someone to cheerlead for us. I told
him, ‘Chris you’ve really and truly done it. You are my Helen Keller’”
(Burke and McDaniel 2001).

Works Cited

Allen, D. (2004). Down with Discrimination. [Electronic version]. Nursing Older people, 16(7), 8.

Alton, S. (1998). Differentiation not discrimination:
Delivering the curriculum for children with Down’s syndrome in
mainstream schools [Electronic version]. Support for Learning, 13(4),
167-173.

Burke, C. & McDaniel, J. (2001). A Special Kind of Hero. Lincoln, NE: Doubleday.

Horsburgh, S. et al. (2001). Going Strong [Electronic version]. People, 56(23), 125.

Milligan, B (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2004, from http://arcark.org/drbethinterview.html.

Sacks, O. (1998). The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. New York, NY: Touchstone.